Table 1 Most common secondary conditions associated with different types of AIHA [5,6,7]
From: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: current knowledge and perspectives
| Type of AIHA | Etiology |
|---|---|
| Warm AIHA | Hematologic disorders and lymphoproliferative diseases (CLL, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) |
| Solid malignancy (thymoma, ovarian or prostate carcinoma) | |
| Autoimmune diseases (SLE, Sjögren syndrome, sytemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, colitis ulcerosa, PBC) | |
| Viral infections (HCV, HIV, VZV, CMV, SARS-CoV-2) | |
| Bacterial infections (tuberculosisis, pneumococcal infections) | |
| Leishmania parasites | |
| Bone marrow or solid-organ transplantation | |
| Primary immune deficiency syndromes (CVID, ALPS) | |
| Sarcoidosis | |
| CAD | Lymphoproliferative diseases (Waldenström macroglobulinemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) |
| Solid malignancy | |
| Infections (parvovirus B19, Mycoplasma sp., EBV, adenovirus, influenza virus, VZV infections and syphilis) | |
| Autoimmune disease | |
| Post-allogeneic HSCT | |
| PCH | Bacterial infections (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli infections and syphilis) |
| Viral infections (adenovirus, influenza A virus, VZV infection; mumps, measles) | |
| Myeloproliferative disorders | |
| Mixed AIHA | Lymphoma |
| SLE | |
| Infection | |
| DIIHA | Antibiotics (cephalosporins, beta-lactamase inhibitors, cotrimoxazole) |
| Antiviral drugs: HAART | |
| Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) | |
| Chemotherapy (carboplatin, oxaliplatin) | |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac) | |
| Others: methyldopa |